High gain Balun-low-noise-amplifier (LNA) is proposed for tuner of digital televisions (DTVs). The proposed Balun-LNA is based on CS-CG (common-source-common-gate) structure. To improve the isolasion and frequency response, Balun-LNA has cascode transistors before load resistors. Balun-LNA uses current-bleeding circuit to increasie transconductance of CS transistor, so that current-bleeding transistor has transconductance of N-1 times larger than transconductance of cascode transistor. Thereby, transconductance and current of CS transistor are increased N times, as N-1 times of current pass to current-bleeding transistor. Therefore current of CG and CS stages stay identical. Also, Balun-LNA employs a Positive feedback to satisfy input impedance matching and CG transistor has higher transconductance. By increasing transconductance of CS and CG transistors, the proposed Balun-LNA achieves to high voltage gain. Accordingly, CG and CS tansistors have symmetrical currents and loads at the differential output of the proposed Balun-LNA. Symmetrical loads cause the balanced differential outputs. This proposed Balun-LNA is designed in 90-nm CMOS technology and covers the frequency range of 40 MHz to 1GHz. This Balun-LNA achieves the voltage gain of 22.6 dB, S11 of less than -10 dB and the Minimum NF of 5 dB. This Balun-LNA operates at the nominal supply voltage of 2.2v.

Computer crimes are crimes unique to computer spaces and electronic data, which can also go beyond the borders of a country and find an extraterritorial and international description. This type of crime, while being committed in a limited space, may have irreparable effects and even target a country or several parts of the world. In order to effectively deal with this type of crime, the legislator passed the Electronic Commerce Law in 2003 and then the Computer Crimes Law in 2009. Considering the existing regulations, although such a measure itself was necessary and essential, determining punishment for computer crimes without scientific attention and consideration of all important and strategic requirements and principles will not be fruitful. The present study, which was written using an analytical-applied method and using library resources, seeks to present the requirements governing the determination of punishment for this type of crime, by separating negative from Positive requirements, in such a way that the legislator, in the capacity of punisher, can take steps towards effectively combating computer crimes by taking these requirements into account and reducing the inefficiency of existing punishments. The purpose of this study is to attempt to formulate extra-legislative requirements that, with a more complete view and based on existing principles, objectives, and realities, improve the situation of punishment for crimes in this area. 

Determining of chilling and heat requirements of olive cultivars growing in Fars Province is important for the selection of cultivars that will exhibit satisfactory growth and development. The purposes of this study were determining the chilling and heat requirements of olive and comparison of Utah and Positive Utah Chill unit (PCU) models for determining the chilling requirements of olive cultivars. In this regard, chilling requirement of flower buds of ‘ Fishomi’ , ‘ Dezful’ , ‘ Zard’ , ‘ Dehghan’ and ‘ Shiraz’ cultivars were determined. Cuttings of these cultivars were taken during autumn when the mean temperature fell below 12º C. Cuttings were kept at 5 º C for periods of 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1700 and 1800 h. Results indicated that the chilling requirements of ‘ Fishomi’ , ‘ Dezful’ , ‘ Zard’ , ‘ Dehghan’ and ‘ Shiraz’ were 900, 1000, 900-1000, 1000-1100 and 900 h, respectively. Results also showed that the PCU unit model was more efficient than the Utah for estimating chilling requirements under subtropical field conditions. Heat requirements from the end of dormancy to full bloom stage of these five olive cultivars were estimated as 199. 2, 272. 1, 245. 2, 245. 2, 321 growing degree days (GDDs), respectively. It was observed that ‘ Fishomi’ had the lowest chilling requirement and ‘ Dehghan’ obtained the highest one. Hence, ‘ Fishomi’ can be recommended for cultivation in subtropical regions.

Regulatory regulation is now a tool in the hands of public institutions to achieve their goals and competencies. Local councils also among these institutions within the scope of their competence in local affairs. But just as any regulator is required to adhere to some principles in enacting regulations to achieve efficiency, transparency, supervisability and promotion of accountability; local councils, considering their nature and scope of action, are required to observe some criteria in which ameliorate the regulation by these institutions and judicial review of their regulations. Therefore, the problems of the decentralized system are also avoided as much as possible and the goals of such a system are realized. The present article seeks to examine the specific requirements for the regulation of local councils by a descriptive-analytical approach. In this regard, the present article, by exploring the Constitution and the views of the Constitutional legislator and other laws and regulations and legal doctrine, has presented principles that can significantly meet the goals of good local regulation.

Planners and decision - makers involve with a variety of activities undertaken at different spatial scales by national, regional or local organizations. They have to be aware of new techniques surrounding them. Geography Information System (GIS) is a set of computer sciences which can help planners in different areas such as housing, industry, environmental management, urban planning and so on. In this study the following titles, the object of GIS, types of data storage, hardware and software in a GIS environment, type of information systems, and application and user of GIS will be discussed.

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Purpose: The science of interpretation, as the most important science responsible for understanding the Qur'an, needs to be methodized and updated so that the teachings of the Qur'an can be used easily for all classes of people. In the present study, the meaning of "future research in interpretation" is the ability to create desirable models for more efficient interpretation in the future, by using scientific tools, creativity and relying on the foundations and rules of interpretation and compensating the damages of interpretation in the past.Method: This research, with descriptive analytical method, answers the question, what are the fields and requirements of future research in interpretation? Findings: The results of the current research are based on the fact that special attention to the Qur'an, as the most important source of interpretation, rationality and methodical consideration in interpretation, attention to the prerequisites of interpretation, interpretation based on the requirements of the time, the need to pay attention to thematic interpretation, studying on the history of interpretation and observing the manners and conditions of interpretation are one of the most important requirements of interpretation in the future. Results: Considering the developments that will take place in the field of knowledge, methods and expectations from science in the future, the interpretation will also change. For this reason, in order not to cause various damages to the interpretation of the Qur'an, it is necessary to pay attention to the various contexts, principles and requirements of the interpretation of the Qur'anic commentators and scholars.

Food consumers around the world are looking for pleasant and attractive food in terms of taste and appearance. At the same time, they seek its safety and healing. Food color is a major factor and one of the most important properties to its acceptance and selection. Dyes can enhance or mask the natural color of food, identify or decorate food. During the processing of foods, a significant amount of their original color is lost. This defect can be eliminated by using synthetic or natural food dyes. Due to the side effects of synthetic dyes such as multiple poisonings in the short and long term, allergenic reactions, behavioral and neurological effects, and consumer awareness, many synthetic food dyes have been replaced with natural ones today. In addition, natural dyes have antimicrobial, antioxidant, and therapeutic properties against diseases and health disorders. Anthocyanins, carotenoids, phenolic compounds, red beet derivatives, anato, chlorophylls, and some curcuminoids are some of the most widely used natural dyes that are legally available. This report aims to provide a scientific approach in the field of synthetic/natural food dyes. It also describes the industrial and biological technologies used to optimize food attractions, expiration dates, sustainability, public preferences, and prospects for the industry.